lazar kaganovich ukraine

First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Bolsheviks) In office 3 March – 26 December 1947: Preceded by: Nikita Khrushchev: Succeeded by: Nikita Khrushchev: In office 7 April 1925 – 14 July 1928: ... Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich. In 1925 he protested to Joseph Stalin against the appointment of the new CP(B)U general secretary, Lazar Kaganovich, and urged that he be replaced by a Ukrainian, Vlas Chubar. An invention of Lazar Kaganovich, the “blacklist,” meant that villagers were banned from leaving the village, deliveries of all foodstuffs to the village were suspended, and searches at the farms of “deadbeats” continued until all food was expropriated. but, . He worked as a shoemaker and joined the the Social Democratic Labour Party in 1911. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. Chubar’s corruptness and opportunistic essence and Kosior’s rotten diplomacy…and criminally frivolous attitude toward his job will eventually ruin Ukraine. The famine, known as the Holodomor, was designed and implemented in Ukraine by Stalin’s Jewish associate and butcher Lazar Kaganovich. I have seen several versions of reasons of the famine of 1931–32, but none that would blame specifically Kaganovitch. There were very many people i... Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich, (born November 10 [November 22, New Style], 1893, Kabany, near Kiev, Ukraine, Russian Empire—died July 25, 1991, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.), Soviet Communist Party leader and supporter of Joseph Stalin. Stalin (Gary Oliver) discusses collectivization and the Ukrainian situation with Politburo member and former chief of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Lazar Kaganovich … Lazer Kaganovich. 10 November] 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. [During the Great Terror, NKVD Order No. Flanders on the Holodomor, Ukraine, Stalin, Kaganovich and Duranty. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich [1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. He is known for helping Stalin come to power and for his harsh treatment and execution of those deemed threats to Stalin's regime. He had a reputation for his temperament and violent nature. The Soviet secret police (GPU) would seal off the borders of Ukraine preventing anyone from coming in and anyone from getting out of the country. Lazar Kaganovich was born to jewish parents and was a soviet politician and first deputy chairman of the council of ministries and one of the … May 28, 1929. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich, (born November 10 [November 22, New Style], 1893, Kabany, near Kiev, Ukraine, Russian Empire—died July 25, 1991, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.), Soviet Communist Party leader and supporter of Joseph Stalin. certainly, . The book is The Wolf of the Kremlin, and it was written by Stuart Kahan, an American Jew who is Kaganovich’s nephew. Kaganovich was in charge of… Continue reading #176 – Lazar Kaganovich Indigenization brought obvious benefits to the Jews as well. He carried the nickname “Iron Lazar.” It was Kaganovich along with Vyacheslav Molotov who oversaw the forced collectivization of Ukraine, which killed millions. Lazar Kaganovich, mother of political correctness. Stalin’s letter to Kaganovich of 11 August 1932 deserves special attention. He is known for helping Stalin … Forums. Sometimes using the alias Kosherovitz, he was the Soviet official most responsible for the Ukrainian famine of 1932-1933. Lazar Kaganovich. In 1932 Stalin had his henchman Lazar Kaganovich starve 7 million Ukrainians to death for refusing to collectivize. Farmers were forced to give up their farms to create larger ones controlled by the state. The face of terror, Lazar Moiseyevich Kagonovich. As Minister for Building Materials from 1944 to 1947, he was highly influential in post-war reconstruction, shaping Soviet cities and architecture in brutalist fashion. Status Closed Prev. They had 3 children. His family was Jewish, living within the pale of settlement established by Catherine the Great nearly a century earlier. 10 November] 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin.At his death in 1991, he was the last surviving Old Bolshevik. The son of a struggling artisan, Lazar’ Kaganovich was born in the Chernobyl district, Kiev province. The Ukrainian Famine and the forced collectivization of agriculture in 1932-1933 is one of the most important events in the history of the White race. Russian Kharkov, Ukraine, 1927. That’s too easy to be a reasonable question. If the Holomodor never happened the population would be exactly………what it is today. The Holomodor “for... He survived Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge because he actively supported it, and also because he had found favor with Stalin as a good friend of Stalin's deceased wife. Apr 21, 2019 - The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор, "Extermination by hunger";) was a man-made famine in the Ukrainian SSR between 1932 and 1933. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. After the revolution, Kaganovich was a loyal devotee to Stalin. He shed no tears for the Ukrainian and Russian peasants and nationalists who were murdered in the name of international socialism. Early in his political career, in 1915, Kaganovich became a Communist organizer for a shoe factory where he worked. European History. The crystallized idea of what the Gypsy looks like and what the Gypsy encompasses is used throughout Europe to devastating effect by politicians and media outlets who wish to ethnically divide society for political point scoring. Exposing the Jewish Criminal - Lazar Kaganovich -By Teloc Vovim Whatever is good for the Jews, follow only that reasoning…. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Russian: Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич; 22 November [O.S. by Flanders. KAGANOVICH AND THE GENOCIDE OF SOVIET POLES (1937-1938) [Lazar Kaganovich evidently had a long-term enmity towards Poles. 29; 30; 31; First Prev 31 of 31 Go to page. Also he played a crucial sinister role in Stalin’s repression. He became the leader of Ukraine in 1925. )Bolshevik and Soviet political leader of Jewish descent. Kaganovich was born in 1893 to Jewish parents. Lazar Kaganovich was born to jewish parents and was a soviet politician and first deputy chairman of the council of ministries and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin (Another murdering Jew). He had a reputation for his temperament and violent nature. Career In 1929, Kaganovich returned to Moscow and became responsible for agriculture. Born in Kiev province, Kaganovich joined the Communist Party in 1911 and became a member of the Kiev committee of the party in 1914. Kaganovich was born in 1893 to Jewish parents in the village of Kabany, Radomyshl uyezd, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now named Dibrova, Poliske Raion, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine). Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Kogan), of Jewish descent, was born in Kubany, near Kiev, Ukraine, in 1893. Famine claimed all the villagers in Havrylivka in Mezhova raion, Dnipropetrovsk oblast. In the 1930s.. he also oversaw the destruction of many of the city's oldest monuments including the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. Ukrainians are always looking for a villain to explain that the Holodomor was really a genocide of the Ukrainian people by evil non-Ukrainians. 'Lazar Kaganovich (together with Vyacheslav Molotov) participated with the All-Ukrainian Party Conference of 1930 and were given … lazar kaganovich fathers modern genocide By the early 1930s, Russia had sufficient technology to move the destruction of Ukrainians to a level of slaughter not seen before or since in human history. After graduation he was appointed to a political post in Ukraine, where Lazar Kaganovich, a protégé of Joseph Stalin, was head of the Communist Party. He survived Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge because he actively supported it, and also because he had found favor with Stalin as a good friend of Stalin's deceased wife. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is wrong about many things, but the Holodomor is not one of them. Solzhenitsyn’s wife revealed that The Gulag Archipelago wa... Kuban), and the lower Volga River region in 1932-33. But in March 1947 he was replaced by Lazar Kaganovich who typically ran roughshod over the republic, already reeling from famine. Lazer Kaganovich, the son of Jewish parents, was born in Kabany, on 10th November, 1893. Lazar Kaganovich was born to jewish parents and was a soviet politician and first deputy chairman of the council of ministries and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin (Another murdering Jew). KAGANOVICH, LAZAR MOISEYEVICH (1893–1991), Soviet politician. Meanwhile, in 1946 a campaign was launched by republic-level ideologues to purge Ukraine of “vestiges of bourgeois nationalism” in the arts. In 1911, he enlisted with the Bolshevik party (his older brother Mikhail Kaganovich was already a member). Go. His father Moses Hershkowitz Kaganovich was a cattle-dealer. Also he played a crucial sinister role in Stalin’s repression. The Third All-Ukrainian Party Conference was called to address one topic only: the state of In this position he became noted for his great work capacity and for his personal loyalty to Stalin. He stated publicly that he would execute absolutely any order from Stalin, which at that time was a novelty. Lazar Kaganovich's speech. Kharkov, Ukraine, 1927. In 1924, Kaganovich became a member of the Central Committee. This … Kaganovich personally ordered executions and repressions, according to historian Roy Medvedev. Birthplace: Kirovohrad, Kirovohrads'ka oblast, Ukraine. Kaganovich was seen as the archetypal manager of the Stalin era. He had at least two siblings, a brother Mikhail and a sister Roza. He worked as a shoemaker and joined the the Social Democratic Labour Party in 1911. In 1928, Stalin began to introduce agricultural collectivisation policies. Kaganovich, Lazar [Kaganovič], b 22 November 1893 in Kabany, Kyiv county, Kyiv gubernia, d 25 July 1991 in Moscow. This resulted in the death of between 7 to 10 million people, mainly Ukrainians. “Stalin’s close associates and loyalists included member of the Central Committee and Politburo Lazar Kaganovich. There were limited possibilities for Lazar’s future in the settlement, so he apprenticed under a shoemaker from a young age. In 1911 he joined the Jewish-founded Communist Party and became involved with the Bolsheviks (Lower East Side New York Jews). His father Moses Hershkowitz Kaganovich was a cattle-dealer. Britannica.com 'Lazar Kaganovich (together with Vyacheslav Molotov) participated with the All-Ukrainian Party Conference of 1930 and were given … In 1932, Joseph Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich, and Genrikh Yagoda unleashed an absolutely horrific reign of terror in Ukraine as well as inflict a targeted genocidal famine. The first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP(B)U from 1925 to 1926, Lazar Kaganovich, was of Jewish descent. Lazar Kaganovich was his patron. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Russian: Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич; 22 November [O.S. Lazar Kaganovich was his patron. About 7,000,000 Ukrainians died of starvation in this famine according to Robert Conquest. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. Lazar Kaganovich Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (22 November 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and a close associate of Joseph Stalin. Lazar Kaganovich: Stalin’s Mass Murderer American Times Today Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Kogan), of Jewish descent, was born in Kubany, near Kiev, Ukraine, in 1893. Another 3.5 million died in labor camps after resisting the forced migration. Lazar Kaganovich was born in 1918, at birth place, to Zinovi Ziamia Kaganovich and Gesia Kaganovich (born Savransky). Supported by the political will of Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich … Montefiore characterizes him as the “first Stalinist” and adds that those starving to death in Ukraine, an unparalleled tragedy in the … Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Russian: Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич; 22 November [O.S. 436 views and ed. Lazar Kaganovich is the 1,627th most popular politician (down from 1,602nd in 2019), the 52nd most popular biography from Ukraine (up from 58th in 2019) and the 20th most popular Ukrainian Politician. An autodidact, from the age of 14 he worked in Kiev as a tanner and shoemaker. At his death in 1991,… Lazar Kaganovich was born in Kubany, near Kiev, Ukraine, in 1893 into a poor Jewish family. He is known for helping Stalin seize power, for his role in the Soviet famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine, and for his harsh treatment and execution of those deemed threats to Stalin's regime. He was given the task of "ukrainizatsiya" – meaning at that time the building up of Ukrainian communist popular cadres. 94 likes. Lazar married first name Kaganovich. The Soviet leader vents his dissatisfaction with Ukraine’s leaders and suggests that they be replaced by his trusted lieutenants. Husband of Private. World History Forum. Already by the mid-1920’s, he had thought that his rule over Ukraine could serve as a model for an eventual Polish Soviet Socialist Republic. He is known for helping Stalin seize power, for his role in the Soviet famine of 1932–33 in Ukraine, and for his harsh treatment and execution of those deemed threats to Stalin's regime. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Kogan), of Jewish descent, was born in Kubany, near Kiev, Ukraine, in 1893. Short answer is No, but… For a longer answer let us set the facts straight. 1. The famine was artificial. While it is true that there were unfavora... In 1911 he joined the Jewish-founded Communist Party and became involved with the Bolsheviks (Lower East Side New York Jews). Born to Jewish parents in modern Ukraine, Kaganovich worked as a shoemaker and became a member of the Bolsheviks, joining the party around 1911. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich, (born November 10 [November 22, New Style], 1893, Kabany, near Kiev, Ukraine, Russian Empire—died July 25, 1991, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.), Soviet Communist Party leader and supporter of Joseph Stalin. Yezhov, a repulsive bisexual midget (151 centimeters tall) known as “the Dwarf”, also played a major part in the mass starvation of Ukrainain peasants — while he was not organizing “farting competitions” for trouserless commissars which involved the … In the early 1920s, he helped consolidate Soviet rule in Turkestan. “If we don’t make an effort now to improve the situation in Ukraine,” he wrote to his colleague Lazar Kaganovich in August 1932, “we may lose Ukraine.” That autumn the Soviet Politburo , the elite leadership of the Soviet Communist Party, took a series of decisions that widened and deepened the famine in the Ukrainian countryside. In 1933 Ukraine suffered a man-made famine organized by Lazar Kaganovich, a henchman who followed Stalin's orders to the letter. “Stalin’s close associates and loyalists included member of the Central Committee and Politburo Lazar Kaganovich. Collectivization started in 1927 and within 10 years an estimated 11 million people were killed or had died, including 5 million in the Ukraine, according to Western historians. Lazar Moyseyevich Kaganovich, one of Stalin's closest aides and the last surviving Bolshevik leader who joined the Communist Party before the Revolution, died here on … Soviet Ukraine Today (Moscow and Leningrad: Co-operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, 1934) 20. Lazer Kaganovich, the son of Jewish parents, was born in Kabany, on 10th November, 1893. Lazar Kaganovich's speech. Lazar had 2 siblings: Leonid Kaganovich and one other sibling. Lazer Kaganovich. Lazar Kaganovich was born in November 1893 in Ukraine, near Chernobyl. Wikipedia even suggests that Lazar Kaganovich, a Ukrainian Jew, was the architect of anti-Jewish pogroms. During March–April 1917, h… Flanders on the Holodomor, Ukraine, Stalin, Kaganovich and Duranty. In charge of collectivization. A member of the Bolshevik Party from 1911, Kaganovich was one of the leaders of the October 1917 Communist Revolution that swept Russia. Yezhov, a repulsive bisexual midget (151 centimeters tall) known as “the Dwarf”, also played a major part in the mass starvation of Ukrainain peasants — while he was not organizing “farting competitions” for trouserless commissars which involved the … Britannica.com 3. Lazar Kaganovich, the most prolific Jewish mass murderer of the Stalinist era,… Lev Kopelev, a Soviet writer who witnessed and rationalized the Ukrainian famine as “historical necessity”. On 15 October 1946 Khrushchev, who until Lazar Kaganovich's arrival was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and head of … He replaced Volodymyr Zatonsky as Ukraine's commissar of education (September 1924 to February 1927) and actively implemented social and cultural Ukrainization policies. photo biography. Holodomor was a famine in Ukraine in 1932-33 in which 3.9 million people starved to death. Khrushchev joined Kaganovich in supporting Stalin in his power struggles against Leon Trotsky and Nikolai … This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Moiseyevich and the family name is Kaganovich. Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich ( Russian: Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич; 22 November [ O.S. 10 November] 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Stalinist Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. Lazar Kaganovich climbed the steps of power in the days of the struggle against Trotskyism. He was a highly motivated energetic man. That same year (1928), Stalin put Kaganovich in charge … Born on November 22, 1893, in Kabany, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day Dibrova, Poliske Raion, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine), Lazar Kaganovich was the son of Moisey Kaganovich and Genya Dubinskaya. Just look at how the Jews are treating the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip concentration camp, or in Arab East Jerusalem. Khrushchev succeeded Kaganovich in 1935, but returned to the Ukrainian SSR to become first secretary of the Central Committee in the Ukraine, serving from 1938 to 1947. Lazar was born in the Ukrainian Jewish family. Kaganovich joined the Rossiiskaia Sotsial-Demokraticheskaia Rabochaia Partiia … Lazar Kaganovich He replaced Volodymyr Zatonsky as Ukraine's commissar of education (September 1924 to February 1927) and actively implemented social and cultural Ukrainization policies. A Man-Made Famine/Genocide raged through Ukraine, the ethnic-Ukrainian region of northern Caucasus (i.e. Kaganovich was seen as the archetypal manager of the Stalin era. Montefiore characterizes him as the “first Stalinist” and adds that those starving to death in Ukraine, an unparalleled tragedy in the history of human kind, did not move Kaganovich. Ukraine is a very sad story. (p. 72)]. Death: November 09, 2018 (89) Be'Er Sheva, Be'er Sheva, South District, Israel (alzheimer, ) Immediate Family: Son of Boris Shmulevich Kaganovich and Rivka - Riva Kaganovich. Lazar Kaganovich was probably the biggest and certainly the most durable butcher during the Stalinist era. Already by the mid-1920’s, he had thought that his rule over Ukraine could serve as a model for an … In 1911 he joined the Jewish-founded Communist Party and became involved with the Bolsheviks (Lower East Side New York Jews). 1 The famine is widely accepted as having been enforced by Stalin. A bit of both. The Great Famine of 1932-33 in Ukraine, Kuban, Kazakhstan and some other grain-producing areas of the USSR was an episode of a littl... 22 November 1893 Kabany, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire: Kaganovich was born in 1893 to Jewish parents in the village of Kabany, Radomyshl uyezd, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now named Dibrova, Poliske Raion, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine). He was a close associate of Joseph Stalin and aided his rise to supreme power in the 1920s. This website offers educators and students information about the Holodomor, including background information, primary documents, articles, excerpts from literature, and eyewitness accounts. After Lazar Kaganovich (aka "the butcher of the Ukraine", aka "Iron Lazar") was put in charge of Soviet railways a number of division superintendents and others left for new opportunities and schedule adherence improved. Go. However, Lazar Kaganovitch was actually a Ukrainian from Donetsk. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Russian: Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич; 22 November [ O.S. This site also features lesson plans and suggested assignments for students grades 6-12 as well as a comprehensive list of resources and specific curriculum applications for courses in provincial curricula. He probably never had any schooling and became a shoemaker. In 1925 he protested to Joseph Stalin against the appointment of the new CP(B)U general secretary, Lazar Kaganovich, and urged that he be replaced by a Ukrainian, Vlas Chubar. R. W. Davies, Oleg V. Khlevniuk, E. A. Rees, Liudmila P. Kosheleva, and Larisa A. Rogovaya. 10 November] 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. Importantly, he twice expresses fear of losing Ukraine and associates that The Jew Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich Supervised the Murder of 5,000,000 Ukrainians in 1932-33. Later in 1915, Kaganovich was arrested and sent back to Kabany. Some have even argued that Kaganovich was the real master at the Kremlin and Stalin a mere puppet. The Jewish Comissar of Comissar's. by Flanders. He is known for helping Stalin come to power and for his harsh treatment and execution of those deemed threats to Stalin's regime . Born to Jewish parents in modern Ukraine, Kaganovich worked as a shoemaker and became a member of the Bolsheviks, joining the party around 1911. Holodomor. Lazar Kaganovich was born in Kubany, near Kiev, Ukraine, in 1893 into a poor Jewish family. In modern Russia, researchers have not often remember about Lazar Kaganovich: no significant research, . 00447 led to the genocidal murder of over 100,000 Soviet Poles. Lazar Kaganovich was Stalin’s best buddy and he died undisturbed in his Moscow flat, an unrepentant mass-murdering commie jew to the end. Holodomor: Death by Hunger in Ukraine. (November 22, 1893 - July 25, 1991). The book is a biography of Lazar Kaganovich, one of the bloodiest of the communist butchers during the 1930s and 1940s and the number-two man in the Kremlin for many years. Romesh. In 1924, Kaganovich became a member of the Central Committee. He wrote in a letter in 1932 to his colleague Lazar Kaganovich, “If we don’t make an effort now to improve the situation in Ukraine, we may lose Ukraine." Khrushchev succeeded Kaganovich in 1935, but returned to the Ukrainian SSR to become first secretary of the Central Committee in the Ukraine, serving from 1938 to 1947. Lazar’ Moiseevich Kaganovich lived for nearly a century: he was born in 1893 in the village of Kabany, near Chornobyl’ (or Chernobyl’ in Russian), Ukraine, and died a loyal Stalinist in Moscow in July 1991, six months before the Soviet Union collapsed. In the end, Ukrainization was only a partial success, and it was finally abandoned in 1933 in favor of strict Russification. 1 … Go to page. Soviet Statesman. Or course it was a crime against humanity! Several million died. However, to declare it Genocide, one has to prove that it was a targeted extermina... Things worsened in the winter of 1932 when communist apparatchiks ransacked homes, taking anything edible. Gesia was born in Кировоград, Кировоградская область, Ukraine. Definitely, but the ultimate architect was Stalin. Kaganovitch, Molotov and many others were among the closest friends to Stalin and they implement... The Holodomor in Ukraine was implemented by Ukraine’s leaders, including Lazar Kaganovitch, at the time in response to the famine caused by the reg... The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence 1931–36 (2003) The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence 1931-36, comp. From 1925 to 1928, Kaganovich was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR. Kaganovich joined the party around 1911 and was an early member of the Bolsheviks as an organizer. Thread starter Les; Start date Jul 31, 2011; Tags holodomordeath hunger ukraine; Home. Read “ Stalin’s Jews ” on Israeli news site YNet Ultimately, an estimated 7 million to 13 million Ukrainians died. Lazar Kaganovich Whole population strata were eliminated: Independent farmers, ethnic minorities, members of the bourgeoisie, senior officers, intellectuals, artists, labor movement activists, "opposition members" who were defined completely randomly, and countless members of the Communist party itself. There are several points I want to state out about this. First off, Holodomor was not a genocide. Sure, you can say Stalin did not help Ukrainians.... He was a highly motivated energetic man. Following that, Stalin wrote on the 2nd of July of 1932 to Lazar Kaganovich and to Molotov regarding Kosior and Vlas Chubar stating “Give the most serious attention to the Ukraine. Early in his political career, in 1915, Kaganovich became a Communist organizer for … 10 November] 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. Tim McGreen Says: 18 September, 2014 at 12:56 pm. His ruthless efficiency in carrying out Stalin's massive purges earned him the nickname "Iron Lazar". Lazar Kaganovich Statesman. Kaganovich and the Holodomor Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (1893 ­1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and a close associate of Joseph Stalin.

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