The second of Strachey’s eminent Victorians is Florence Nightingale. (Strachey had little patience with either Christianity or Christian institutions, a point of view that colors his attitude toward all his subjects in Eminent Victorians.) By introducing morals and religion into education he altered the atmosphere of public school life, but not for the better. When Manning went to Oxford University, he seemed set for a political career, but his hopes were dashed when his father was declared bankrupt. Each of the lives is very different from the others, although there are common threads—for example the recurrent appearance of William Ewart Gladstone and Arthur Hugh Clough. His account makes clear the almost miraculous energy and endurance that carried Nightingale past the many obstacles in her path. In the Middle Ages, says Strachey, he would have been neither a Francis nor an Aquinas, but he might have been an Innocent. By 1851, already over forty, he had become an archdeacon, but this was not enough for him. help you understand the book. The saintly, self-sacrificing woman, the delicate maiden of high degree who threw aside the pleasures of a life of ease to succour the afflicted, the Lady with the Lamp, gliding through the horrors of the hospital at Scutari, and consecrating with the radiance of her goodness the dying soldier’s couch—the vision is … When he addresses himself to the Victorian period, those writings possess a special interest, for the biographer himself was a product of that period, and his feelings about it, while mixed, were far from vague or uncertain. Whatever charges may be brought against Strachey today, it is generally admitted that he brought to biographical writing good proportion, good style, and colorful realism. This representative of ancient tradition and uncompromising faith is revealed as a survivor from the Middle Ages who forced the nineteenth century to accept him as he was. London was eventually forced to send an expeditionary force to relieve the city, but it arrived too late. She wanted to be a nurse, an occupation that was not held in high repute. Walking at the head of his troops, with nothing but a light cane in his hand, he seemed to pass through every danger with the scatheless equanimity of a demi-God. General Gordon His faith was unconventional, focusing on an idea of the just man who served the will of God by turning away from earthly desires. The biographies of these famous Victorians are hardly exhaustive but focus on only the most important aspects of each life. Eminent Victorians summary: Eminent Victorians summary is updating. Eminent Victorians: | ||Eminent Victorians|| is a book by |Lytton Strachey| (one of the older members of the |B... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. Eminent Victorians (1918) is a collection of four short biographies by Lytton Strachey. Eminent Victorians Summary. Its pretentiousness exasperated the artist in Strachey, but he could not help acknowledging its solidity and force and its many outstanding scientists and individuals. Thus the biographer’s searching glance at four eminent Victorians ends on a dramatic note. In her early thirties, Nightingale became superintendent of a charitable nursing home in London. Each story is very different and is a reflection of the background events before which it takes place. If you have any question about this novel, Please don't hesitate to contact us or translate team. Eminent Victorians, collection of short biographical sketches by Lytton Strachey, published in 1918.. Strachey’s portraits of Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold, and General Charles “Chinese” Gordon revolutionized English biography.Until Strachey, biographers had kept an awestruck distance from their subjects; anything short of adulation was regarded as disrespect. For the sake of convenience, Strachey divides Nightingale’s accomplishments into two phases. In his treatment of one of the most remarkable women of any age, the biographer is conspicuously successful in resisting any urge to be gallant. Wilson to be published in the United States in 1990, the other two being C.S. They also brought, after consciousness had dulled almost into insensibility, the Order of Merit. Some of these critics overlooked the point that Strachey’s biographical method aimed at verisimilitude, not photographic realism. Cardinal ManningEminent Victorians begins with an account of the life of Cardinal Manning (1807–1892), a convert from the Church of England who became Archbishop of Westminster and the leader of England’s Catholic community. The early Victorian years witnessed the emergence of a cluster of values and beliefs that represented the central ideas of Victorianism. everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Eminent Victorians. But Gordon was also a man of action who was ambitious for fame and influence. Strachey also disapproved of the prefectorial system Dr. Arnold instituted at Rugby, which Strachey credits with two dubious, if unexpected, effects on later English education: the worship of athletics and the worship of good form. Book review: “Eminent Victorians” By Lytton Strachey August 29, 2012 Patrick T Reardon 0 Twenty years ago, a friend of mine, Steve Swanson, recommended Lytton Strachey’s “Eminent Victorians” as a classic in the field of biography — and a delightful read as well. Strachey, in ‘Eminent Victorians’ reflects on the character of infamous historical heroine Florence Nightingale to cast the past lives of ordinary citizens, primarily women, as unsatisfactory and unfulfilling, and through this negative depiction of Victorian England, the author is able to uphold perceptions of the 20th century, through contrast, as a period of female liberation. She wanted to be a nurse, an occupation that was not hel… Eminent Victorians is a book by Lytton Strachey (one of the older members of the Bloomsbury Group), first published in 1918 and consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era.Its fame rests on the irreverence and wit Strachey brought to bear on three men and a woman who had till then been regarded as heroes and heroine. Pushed on by Nightingale, Herbert died of overwork, and Aunt Mai left her to return to her own family. Inclined, on the whole, to be unsociable, he maintained an icy reserve, except for fits of ungovernable temper vented upon unlucky servants or trembling subordinates. However, he was tormented by what he believed to be the temptations of the devil to worldly ambition. He appointed prefects from the Sixth Form (the equivalent of eleventh and twelfth grade in the United States) who were given responsibilities over every part of school life. For ignorance is the first requisite of the historian--ignorance, which simplifies and clarifies, which selects and omits, with a placid perfection unattainable by the Come visit Novelonlinefull.com sometime to read the latest chapter of Eminent Victorians. They had power to discipline the younger boys, and they in turn were answerable to the headmaster. With hard work, discipline, attention to detail, and a strong will, Nightingale addressed all the problems successfully, becoming in effect the administrative head of the hospital. She was supported by loyal friends such as Sidney Herbert, her Aunt Mai, Arthur Clough, the poet, and her private secretary, Dr. Sutherland. He was accused of having been unduly severe with his subjects, of handling facts with carelessness, and of indulging in superficial judgments. For a thesis titled "A study of the viewpoints of the eminent principals & teachers about powerful schools with the purpose of presenting a... What is Laytton Strachey's estimate of Dr. Arnold personality in Emminent Victorians. Florence Nightingale, although Strachey does not devalue her astonishing achievements, is presented as a woman maniacally obsessed with work, whose personality was acerbic rather than saintly. His deeds were genuinely heroic—no one has ever questioned Gordon’s bravery—but they combined oddly with his passion for religion. What is Strachey's concept of biography as seen in the light of his preface to Eminent Victorians? Eminent Victorians is a book by Lytton Strachey, consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era. Unable to find peace, he analyzed his motivations in detail, trying to decide whether, if advancement came along, he should accept or reject it. He served in the Royal Engineers during the Crimean War and was sent in 1860 to China, where he remained for four years as part of a British occupying force. In her old age, her character softened and she became less acerbic. The pope appointed him provost of the Chapter of Westminster. She expected her friends to work as hard as she did, and if they did not, she questioned their commitment. Eminent Victorians. Eminent Victorians L.Strachey May 2-12, 2012 When Bertrand Russell read the book while in jail during the First World War he laughed so loud that he was admonished by his wardens that you were not supposed to have so much fun in jail. I read most of the book at an emergency clinic, where I was stuck for almost twelve hours without food or drink. Manning was soon elected to a Fellowship at Merton College, Oxford, conditional on his taking orders in the Church of England. Start your 48-hour free trial and unlock all the summaries, Q&A, and analyses you need to get better grades now. If not, which essay in the book is least accurate? Nightingale was born into an upper middle class family but showed no interest in the usual pastimes of a young lady of her station. For some time his glance had been straying to other pastures; finally, he made the break and became a convert to Roman Catholicism. Strachey’s bias against the doctor is obvious in Eminent Victorians, based largely on the fact that Dr. Arnold was determined to make good Christians, as well as good Englishmen, out of his public school boys. Soon the Mahdi’s forces laid siege to the city. It ushered in the modern biography and raised the genre to the level of high literary art. Nightingale was driven on by a compulsive desire to work. At the time of writing Eminent Victorians, the country was more than usually certain that God was on its side. They are related to one another, however, by the possession of a restless, questing vitality and by the fact that each left a mark upon the age. Strachey casts the next stage of Manning’s life in contrast to and opposition with that of Newman, who had also converted to Catholicism. Strachey picked an ecclesiastic, a woman of action, an educational authority, and a man of adventure to illustrate the multifaceted era in which they lived and worked. Dr. Arnold Manning was a rising force in the Church of England, a man of great energy and administrative skill. Each story is set against a specific background. The quartet of portraits proved to be a critical and financial success, and it became the cornerstone of an increasingly solid career. In contrast, he wrote short, pithy, artful biographies that told the truth about the subjects as Strachey understood it. Unlike Manning, Newman had almost been ignored. Stanford Libraries' official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. Eminent Victorians is a groundbreaking work of biography that raised the genre to the level of high art. In Eminent Victorians (1918), Lytton Strachey examined the lives of four famous English individuals from the Victorian Era and found that they were not quite what previous biographies and popular legend had made them out to be. Her family was appalled, but she pursued her goal with dedication, sublimating all other desires, and refusing marriage. For ignorance is the first requisite of the historian--ignorance, which simplifies and clarifies, which selects and omits, with a placid perfection unattainable by the He then sunk into obscurity for six years as the supervisor of a project to erect a system of forts at the mouth of the River Thames. In governance, one can look to the reforms which, if not immediately democratic, changed the structure of parliament, ushering in a tradition of evolutionary change (with major Reforms Acts in 1832, 1867, 1884) and the ex… He continued his strenuous work until old age. His determination to rise above mere facts sometimes carried him too far—to outright and even outrageous caricature—but the writing remained brilliant and stimulating. Eminent Victorians is a landmark book not only because it punctured many of the pretensions and conceit of the Victorian Era, but because it signaled a new trend in the writing of biography, the influence of which is still discernible today. This Study Guide consists of approximately 62 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - Word Count: 1292. Eminent Victorians marked an epoch in the art of biography; it also helped to crack the old myths of high Victorianism and to usher in a new spirit by which chauvinism, hypocrisy and … Khartoum had been taken and Gordon killed. Last Updated on May 5, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Nightingale left the Crimea in July 1856, her reputation enormous. The present text is a part of the famous book Eminent Victorians (1918) written by Lytton Strachey. Strachey picked an ecclesiastic, a woman of action, an educational authority, and a man of adventure to illustrate the multifaceted era in which they lived and worked. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. EMINENT VICTORIANS by Lytton Strachey Preface THE history of the Victorian Age will never be written; we know too much about it. Gordon returned to England in 1880. Gordon’s ingenuity and military skill played a large part in the victory, and he returned to England with an enviable reputation. EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Want more? In the sphere of teaching, Arnold made few reforms. The four in question were Cardinal Manning, the leader of England's Roman Catholic community; These years are associated with developments in governance, economic and social life, science, and learning that capture the essential features of Victorianism. With relentless precision, Strachey explores the lives of four exemplars of the Victorian age: Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold and General Gordon, irreverently bringing to light the flaws, strengths, ambitions and hypocrisies of these treasured legends. EMBED. Already a member? Arnold was a man of strong religious conviction, and he was also a reformer who set out to make morals and conduct the centerpiece of the school. These aims dominated her completely, and in their execution she drove her friends ruthlessly but used herself with even less mercy. Hope you enjoy it. Upon leaving college he aspired to a political career, but its doors were abruptly closed to him by his father’s bankruptcy. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Gordon, in his fifties, was chosen by the English government for a delicate African mission. In 1860, with the opening of the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas’s Hospital, she became the founder of modern nursing. Florence Nightingale It replaced reverence with skepticism and Strachey's wit, iconoclasm, and narrative skill liberated the biographical enterprise. Following this, Manning played a key role in defusing political criticism in England over the dogma of Papal Infallibility in 1870. Strachey was one of the influential members of Bloomsbury Group, a loosely associated group of English writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists who shared and propagated a common view of life in the early 20th century England. Summary: Eminent Victorians is a groundbreaking work of biography that raised the genre to the level of high art. It replaced reverence with skepticism and Strachey's wit, iconoclasm, and narrative skill liberated the biographical enterprise. Five years later, Manning became a cardinal. He tried the Church of England as an alternative, perhaps less promising, avenue to fulfillment. The main objects of study remained ancient Greece and Rome. The biographies of these famous Victorians are hardly exhaustive but focus on only the most important aspects of each life. Four such individuals are his subjects in Eminent Victorians. One important asset was his ability to make friends in the right places, especially in the Vatican. It concentrates on Arnold’s role as headmaster of Rugby School, a position to which he was appointed in 1828. Manning became the supreme commander of the Roman Church in England, then a cardinal. What followed was the tragedy at Khartoum, an episode seldom matched in military annals for the mystery and horror with which it enveloped the fate of the principal actor. Enduring to the age of ninety, she became a legend, though, ironically and cruelly, her last years brought senility and softness upon her. In this work, instead of using the conventional method of detailed chronological narration, he has carefully selected his facts to present highly personal portraits of his subjects. Gordon had a mystical temperament and spent many hours with his Bible in a search of Truth. In the process he lost a friend—a rather important one—named William Gladstone. Although to some Victorians, Dr. Arnold was one of the most influential pedagogues, Strachey considers him the apostle of harmful and absurd ideas. Dr. Thomas Arnold, the father of the poet and critic Matthew Arnold, is generally considered to have been the founder of the British public school system. Strachey determined that these large and tedious volumes, full of what he called "ill-digested masses of material," did a disservice to the art of biography. Eminent Victorians Contents: Cardinal Manning -- Florence Nightingale -- Dr. Arnold -- The end of General Gordon Language: English: LoC Class: DA: History: General and Eastern Hemisphere: Great Britain, Ireland, Central Europe: Subject: Great Britain -- Biography Subject: Great Britain -- History -- Victoria, 1837-1901 -- Biography Subject EMINENT VICTORIANS by Lytton Strachey Preface THE history of the Victorian Age will never be written; we know too much about it. ©2020 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This one-page guide includes a plot summary and brief analysis of Eminent Victorians by Lytton Strachey. He also felt drawn towards the Roman Catholic Church. The portrait of Gordon is the most complex of the four, showing a man who was driven to his demise by the contradictions in his own personality and the vacillation of the British government. Word Count: 1348. In the hospital, ‘‘want, neglect, confusion, misery’’ reigned, for which Strachey blames the incompetence of the English authorities. For example, Cardinal Manning 's story summarizes how the Oxford Movement came to take place. His magnetism and vigor spread his influence beyond church boundaries, and at his death crowds of working people thronged the route of his funeral procession. He was put in command of a Chinese army from Shanghai that won back huge amounts of land from a rebel force. Very early in his life, Manning had fixed his hopes on a position of power and influence in the world. Religious and moral principle, and gentlemanly conduct, were valued more highly than intellectual ability. Within seven years, Manning had become Archbishop of Westminster. Cardinal Manning is presented as a scheming, ambitious man rather than a pious representative of God. Although they have been considered controversial, the biographical writings of Lytton Strachey are never dull. He was determined not to let Khartoum fall, but when he reached the city, the situation rapidly worsened. Last Updated on May 5, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. subscribe or … Eminent Victorians Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. After her return to England, despite ill-health, she worked feverishly, laying out plans for the reform of the entire Army Medical Department and fighting the bureaucratic opposition her proposals aroused. His book, Eminent Victorians, a wartime book composed of four miniature biographies, won him widespread recognition as a literary critic and a biographer. But then he wrote Apologia pro Vita Sua, which became a classic of Catholic thought. At the end of a long and twisted road, his egoism, fierce ambition, and gift for intrigue had brought him desired as well as some unexpected rewards, not least among them the regard of the poor. He ruled his diocese with efficient zeal, lecturing, organizing charities, delivering sermons, and writing many devotional books. At his funeral in January, 1892, there was grief in the streets; he had managed to touch the hearts of working people. This study guide contains the following sections: This detailed literature summary also contains Bibliography on The appointment followed an internal struggle involving. Gordon repeatedly refused to take the opportunities he had to escape. BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD: Lytton Strachey (1880–1932). It is with apparent relief that the biographer turns to his fourth and final portrait, which provides a strong contrast between the single-mindedness of the educator and the maddening inconsistencies of General Charles George Gordon. Such indictments often came from partisans of one or more of the subjects of Eminent Victorians, but not infrequently they were joined by more objective critics as well. When it became clear from a legal case that Church of England doctrine could be decided by an Act of Parliament, Manning converted to Catholicism. The mission, a military one requiring the utmost of a negotiator’s self-control, tact, and skill, was the arrangement for the inglorious evacuation of British forces from the Sudan, a project for which Gordon was disqualified by his opinions, his character, and everything in his life. Widely differing in background, vocation, and personality, the four individuals illustrate different phases of the England of the later nineteenth century. According to Strachey, therefore, who is scornful of Arnold’s achievements, he simply reinforced an old system of education. He was influenced strongly, and to an approximately equal degree, by brandy and the Bible. The intelligent reader is more likely to be diverted than deceived by the author’s prejudices and dislikes, for they are hardly disguised. In 1827 the headmastership of Rugby school fell vacant, and it became necessary for the twelve trustees, noblemen and gentlemen of Warwickshire, to appoint a successor to the post. Arnold also changed the way the school was governed. In 1874, he was put in charge of the Equatorial Provinces of Sudan, where he labored for six years, trying to bring the benefits of civilization to a huge, forbidding, unexplored land. Eminent Victorians by Lytton Strachey. Eminent Victorians Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to Strachey sought a new approach to biography. Thereafter his ecclesiastical career was an almost unbroken series of triumphs and advances. A mischievous, unpredictable boy, he developed into an undisciplined, unpredictable man, and a romantic legend wove itself about his early, swashbuckling exploits in China and Africa. Not the greatest of their time, these four, superficially diverse in their activities, belong among the most appropriate representatives of the age. The first is her dramatic contribution to the welfare of the British wounded during the course of the Crimean campaign; the second deals with her unflagging efforts after the war to transform the Army Medical Department, revolutionize hospital services, and work much-needed reform in the War Office itself. Arnold himself remained remote, although the boys were awed by his presence. EMINENT VICTORIANS is the second of three new books by the prolific young British writer A.N. But as the Oxford Movement seemed to slip closer to Roman Catholicism, Manning, who was now Archdeacon of Chichester, cut himself off from it. Beginning in 1859, the system of reform she had fought for was put in place. Eminent Victorians is a book by Lytton Strachey (one of the older members of the Bloomsbury Group), first published in 1918 and consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era.Its fame rests on the irreverence and wit Strachey brought to bear on three men and a woman who had till then been regarded as heroes and heroine. Eminent Victorians by Lytton Strachey ... scenes of rage, desperation, towering courage, and summary execution. 1918 Dr. Arnold. Strachey compares him to the Old Testament God, the Lawgiver, ruling through power and wrath. After its publication, Strachey was no longer in need of assistance from family or friends. Strachey promises to show a different Florence Nightingale than the saintly ‘‘Lady with the Lamp’’ of popular legend. Practical ability, rather than saintliness or learning, was the key to his career. The age of Victoria at once fascinated and repelled him. Nevertheless, his treatment of Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Arnold of Rugby, and General Gordon did not go unchallenged. After several other expeditions, he set off on what was to be his last, back to the Sudan, where an army led by the Mahdi was threatening Khartoum. General Charles George Gordon was born in 1833. What her friends called calm persuasiveness, he characterized as demoniac fury; it is clear that to him the “Lady with a Lamp” might have been extremely capable but she was also tiresomely demanding and disagreeable. Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! The biographies include those of Cardinal Manning , Florence Nightingale , Thomas Arnold , and General Gordon, and the reputations of all but Florence Nightingale declined from their former status. Well, not much, according to the life histories detailed within the book. Manning won because he befriended Monsignor Talbot, the private secretary of the pope. The result, in Eminent Victorians, is a series of radical reinterpretations. Strachey promises to show a different Florence Nightingale than the saintly "Lady with the Lamp" of popular legend. Nightingale remained a potent force at the War Office for ten years, also working on a host of other reform projects. In Eminent Victorians (1918), Lytton Strachey examined the lives of four famous English individuals from the Victorian Era and found that they were not quite what previous biographies and popular legend had made them out to be. Manning became attracted to the Oxford Movement, a reform movement in the Church of England associated with the names of John Keble and John Henry Newman. Manning, Cardinal Wiseman, the Archbishop of Westminster, and another cleric, Dr. Errington, the representative of England’s Old Catholic community. Strachey's Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School, is little more than a pompous, pedantic fool. Gordon’s instructions were to supervise a withdrawal from the city, but Gordon wanted to take vigorous military action. Why is Lytton Strachey, author of Eminent Victorians, called a partial biographer? Is Eminent Victorians a fictional work? The typical, sprawling two-volume Victorian biography presented its subject in the best possible light, ignoring any aspects of the life that might tarnish the person's achievements. Understood it was an almost unbroken series of radical reinterpretations for was put in.. About this novel, Please do n't hesitate to contact us or team! Iconoclasm, and if they did not go unchallenged remove-circle Share or Embed this Item amounts land. Worldly ambition start your 48-hour free trial and unlock all the summaries, &... In command of a young Lady of her station put in command of a charitable nursing home in London discipline! Summary: eminent Victorians as hard as she did, and gentlemanly conduct, were valued more highly intellectual! 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