If the skin on your breasts becomes tight and your nipples flatten out, your baby may have a hard time latching on. Difficulty latching and feeding-when infants breastfeed or bottle feed, their lower jaw is raised during suckling, and they use their top gum and the tip of the tongue (which rests on the lower gum) to hold the nipple/bottle in place. There is no need to suction a healthy, full term baby at birth. Instead, try (with the above strategies and the calming help of your lactation consultant) taking a more relaxed approach, one that never pushes your breast on your reluctant baby. Jones and Bartlett Learning. Donna Murray, RN, BSN has a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Rutgers University and is a current member of Sigma Theta Tau, the Nursing Honor Society. Sometimes the cleft palate is not obvious, affecting only the soft palate, the part inside the baby’s mouth. When a baby is too fussy or crying, they may not latch on to breastfeed. If you find that your baby has a shallow latch, unlatch and try again. Ankyloglossia: assessment, incidence, and effect of frenuloplasty on the breastfeeding dyad. Read our, 12 Ways to Wake Your Sleepy Baby Up to Breastfeed, How a Tongue-Tie Can the Impact Breastfeeding, Your Newborn Was Born With Other Special Needs, When to Call the Doctor for Latching Problems, Tips for Breastfeeding With Inverted Nipples, How to Tell If Your Baby Is Latching on Well During Breastfeeding, How to Successfully Breastfeed Your Baby When You Have Large Nipples, When to Get Extra Breastfeeding Help and Where to Find It, How Nipple Size and Shape Affects Breastfeeding, Get Tips on How to Treat Nipple Blebs While Breastfeeding, Overview and Importance of Hindmilk for Infants, How a Tongue-Tie Can the Impact Breastfeeding of Your Baby, How to Use a Galactagogue to Increase Breast Milk, Why Some Breastfeeding Mothers May Need to Use a Nipple Shield, get enough milk to grow healthy and strong. 2010;80(4):748-53. doi: 10.2319/072709-421.1, Van den engel-hoek L, De groot IJ, De swart BJ, Erasmus CE. Abnormalities of the baby’s mouth may result in the baby’s not latching on. For breastfeeding moms, one of the most critical tasks is learning the technique for proper latch breastfeeding. When it's placed over the nipple, the shape of the shield is smaller and easier for a baby to grasp in their mouth. Don’t stress whether it’s formula or breast milk in the short term, or whether it comes from a bottle or your breast. Rebecca Agi, MS, IBCLC is a board-certified lactation consultant and founder of Best Milk LA, a lactation consulting service. If you have large nipples, it can be harder for your newborn to latch on. Even average-sized nipples can be too big for a premature infant. Your baby is not having normal amounts of wet diapers. Difficulty weaning from breast to bottle is rarely resolved by finding the 'right' feeding nipple. The laid-back method of breastfeeding will take advantage … Nipple Shields. Unless your baby is a speed-eater, you’re going to be holding her up to 20 minutes per feeding, so you might as well get comfortable. Problems Latching & a Natural Position. When you first start breastfeeding, you may worry that your baby is not … The single most important factor influencing whether or not the baby latches on is the mother’s developing a good milk supply. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Efficient removal is important for both you and your baby. However, babies do not come with an owner’s manual. Does your breastfed baby refusing bottle-feeds? Breastfeeding A Guide For The Medical Profession Eighth Edition. Warm compresses on the breasts before feeding can help the milk to flow, or you can stand in a warm shower for a little while before feeding the baby. Infant and young child feeding: Model Chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. The sucking reflex is important for infant nutrition and is used in both breastfed and bottle-fed babies. (All feeding nipples will feel equally foreign to a breastfed baby.) It's often a learning process for parents and babies. Baby rejecting the breast makes mom stress, a signal baby picks up on, making him battle the breast even more fiercely, making her even more stressed, and so on. Get it free when you sign up for our newsletter. This way, the baby will get to know about it. Issues with latching on can interfere with breastfeeding, decrease breastfeeding confidence, and lead to early weaning. If this happens, it's important that you get in touch with your pediatrician, as newborns and infants can become dehydrated quickly. While you’re waiting for that hands-on help, here are a few other tips to try: A laid-back position. So before you feed, find your inner zen (try soft music or a Calm app) and help baby find his (with a gentle massage and some skin-to-skin snuggling). Not enough breast milk. At least, at first. As the kittens get comfortable with the bottle they will sometimes wrap their front paws around the bottle while nursing, or rest them on your fingers that are holding the bottle. Lawrence, Ruth A., MD, Lawrence, Robert M., MD. Also, check in with the pediatrician about your game plan—and about intake, output (wet and dirty diaper wise) and weight gain expectations for baby. Here are a few common reasons your little one may be having trouble latching on and what you can do about it. A little bit of legwork should resolve the issue. The soft spot on top of your baby's head is sinking into their skull. If that doesn't work, talk to your doctor or a lactation professional about trying a nipple shield. Babies born with Down syndrome often have low muscle tone, tongue thrusts, and a weak ability to suckâall of which can affect the babyâs ability to breastfeed. If you're calm and relaxed, your baby may be more receptive to the … A preemie has a small mouth, making it harder to get a good latch. With less energy to suck and draw the milk out of the breast, preemies can tire out quickly before they get enough breast milk. If your newborn can't latch on correctly because your nipples don't stick out of your breast, try pumping for a minute or two before you begin breastfeeding. And, yes, the babies should be stomach down when on the bottle...the same position they would be in when nursing from their mom. 5. Sometimes, the medications given during childbirth can cause extra sleepiness. 2015;2(4):357-369. doi: 10.3233/JND-150122, How to Solve Common Latch Problems With Breastfeeding, ⸠2020 About, Inc. (Dotdash) â All rights reserved, Verywell Family uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Sometimes, all it takes is holding your baby in a different breastfeeding position. reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts. When a good position and latch is obtained, breastfeeding can be a wonderful experience between mother and baby. Eidelman, A. I., Schanler, R. J., Johnston, M., Landers, S., Noble, L., Szucs, K., & Viehmann, L. (2012). Keep me posted! What we try to do at the clinic is get the baby latching on earlier, so that you won’t have to wait that long. Skin-to-skin cuddles. However, there might be situations when the baby is taking a shallow latch. Breast engorgement is common, especially in the first few days of breastfeeding. From days 3 to 5, your colostrum is turning into mature breast milk. No matter what position you’re trying to breastfeed in (and even when you’re not trying to feed), skin-to-skin is always in. Pain-relieving medications may help as well. Next, call in that professional—or pay her (or him) a call, as soon as possible, so you can get help assessing and resolving any latching issues (likely an easy fix, but very occasionally something that needs a little more attention, like a tongue or lip tie). If you’ve been feeding baby fully-clothed (both of you) and/or swaddled, try placing baby against your skin dressed in nothing but a diaper (under a blanket if it’s chilly). Support your little one’s head with the crook of your arm, prop her up at a 45-degree angle so that she doesn’t swallow a lot of air, and align her head and neck. Most of all, Kyla, try to keep your eye on your prize. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. If they are a little less warm and comfortable, they'll be more likely to stay awake for feedings. your supply will be up to his demand. However, sometimes flat or inverted nipples make it more difficult for a baby to latch.. Some mothers find it helps to pump a small amount of mi… Also called “biological nurturing” or “baby led feeding,” this position taps into a newborn’s natural instinct to feed, putting him in the driver’s seat—in control of latching on when and how he wants to. 1. A baby learns to … The position in which you hold your baby is also crucial. You’ve confused your baby. Note how he accepts the … If your baby also has a cleft palate, it can be tough for them to create the suction needed to pull milk from your breast.. Many times, newborns are just tired. You may have to pump breast milk and supplement your infant while you are both learning the ropes. Implications of Ankyloglossia on Breastfeeding. If your baby is born with a health issue, they will need more help with latching on, as well as more time to adjust to breastfeeding. Sometimes, the struggle is real—a baby may actually fight the breast because he associates it with force-feeding (force-feeding that doesn’t get him fed). Feeding and nonnutritive sucking habits and prevalence of open bite and crossbite in children/adolescents with Down syndrome, Feeding and Swallowing Disorders in Pediatric Neuromuscular Diseases: An Overview, Your baby does not wake up and latch on to your breast for most feedings.Â. 2016;16(5):337-344. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000305, Oliveira AC, Pordeus IA, Torres CS, Martins MT, Paiva SM. In this situation, the best way to get your baby latching on is to have someone help you in the beginning. Some experts encourage … And yes, prefer your nature-made nipples to synthetic substitutes. Or, you may have to pump your breast milk for your preemie until they get a little bigger. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. If your baby is not latching on and breastfeeding well, they may not be getting enough breast milk. The educational health content on What To Expect is reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts to be up-to-date and in line with the latest evidence-based medical information and accepted health guidelines, including the medically reviewed What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. If she’s latching onto your breast, on the other hand, she must do it correctly in order to get fed — thus the confusion. A baby with a tongue-tie cannot extend their tongue out of their mouth far enough to correctly latch on to the breast for feeding.. Your baby's lips and mouth are dry. Squeeze a little milk from your breast onto your areola to help clue him in. Mangesi L, Dowswell T. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. I thought it would be apt to post on this board about the wind issues. He wasn’t born yesterday, but your sweet little puppy can almost certainly be taught the new trick of latching on—so he can ultimately turn in bottles for breasts, and switch from formula to breast milk. Switch to a slower-flow nipple and make sure your baby takes frequent breaks so that he adjusts to the slow pace of suckling at a breast vs. the relative “fast food” style of sucking on a bottle. Gently squeeze a few drops of breast milk onto your breast right before you try to get your baby to latch. It's fraustating for both me and the baby as he's hungry but seems to not latch on properly and when he finally latches onto the bottle he gets alot of air when he sucks as he's not latching properly. Observing my LO drinking (tried avent and Dr browns bottles) there is a gap on both sides of his mouth like he is not "latching" onto the teat close enough. When properly latched, your baby will push his tongue along the bottom of the nipple, which places it inside the lower lip. Lower the lights and power down your phone – and let the love (and milk) flow. This would indicate that baby does not have his tongue positioned correctly and is latched on incorrectly. Feeding and nonnutritive sucking habits and prevalence of open bite and crossbite in children/adolescents with Down syndrome. A nipple shield may also be helpful. Start with nipple on top lip. A sippy cup is a good choice for a baby at least six to eight months old, as it does not satisfy baby’s sucking urge like a bottle. In some cases, a baby may also have difficulty latching on and nursing. Health information on this site is based on peer-reviewed medical journals and highly respected health organizations and institutions including ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics), as well as the What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. Proper Latch Breastfeeding. You can give a shot to the following tips to get your baby latch on a bottle. Feeding and Swallowing Disorders in Pediatric Neuromuscular Diseases: An Overview. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. If your nipple is filling up your child's mouth as they try to latch on, they won't be able to grasp any of the surrounding areolae along with it. After giving birth, there are a lot of tasks to learn. Breastfeeding is not always straightforward or easy, especially in the beginning. Also, a lot of people have the tendency to wiggle the bottle to prompt the baby to start sucking again, which interrupts the baby’s rest period. J Neuromuscul Dis. First up, whatever else you do: make sure your little guy gets enough to eat while you try to make this transition from all bottle to all breast. And speaking of skin, don’t wash your nipples or areolas for now—the idea is to let your baby sniff out that food source. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Your newborn's doctor, a lactation consultant, and the other specialists involved with your baby's care can provide guidance. Adv Neonatal Care. She is chewing the nipple but not latching:( i am breastfeeding mostly but today i m so exhausted so I wanted to give her pumped milk and i tried her to latch it since 30 minutes oh boy no luck. Then, make sure you’re pumping as often as your baby feeds, so that when the latching stars do align (soon!) The ineffective removal of breast milk can also cause a low breast milk supply. Also, make your baby play with the bottle nipple so that the baby gets familiarised with it. Try to rouse them by talking softly, unwrapping them, and changing their diaper. If the mother’s supply is abundant, the baby will latch on by 4 to 8 weeks of life no matter what. Not only does that skin-to-skin contact help regulate baby’s blood sugar (aha!) © 2020 Everyday Health, Inc, Your Adopted Baby: Induced Lactation and Bottle Feeding Tips. With a little redirection (preferably from a certified lactation professional) and a lot of patience (from you), he’s likely not only to take the breast bait, but learn to love mommy-sourced feedings. The smell and taste of the milk can encourage your baby to feed. While some breastfed babies willing accept milk from a bottle many will not, at least not straight away. A cleft lip makes it harder for an infant to latch on and create a seal around the breast. Create a Relaxed Atmosphere. To encourage your baby to latch on and feed, hold your baby to the breast often and give them lots of skin-to-skin time. When a baby latches on to the breast correctly, they can more easily remove breast milk from your breasts. Please whitelist our site to get all the best deals and offers from our partners. Breastfeeding Medicine. World Health Organization. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. Hey Kyla! For the first 5 days after birth, wet and dirty diapers should match the day of life (one wet and one dirty on day 1, two on day 2, and so on). So when your baby refuses to eat and will not latch onto the breast or bottle, or seems to vomit or have diarrhea after every feed, it can seem unnatural and unfair to you as a parent. Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. An early unpleasant experience of nursing, such as being pushed onto the breast. In this video he is latching onto a narrow neck nipple (Evenfo TruVent). It allows your child to get enough milk to grow healthy and strong while also telling your body to build and maintain your milk supply. Chill out. But the bottom line that always matters most is a happy, healthy baby…and a happy, healthy mom. Learning the techniques for breastfeeding a baby with a cleft, and getting started as soon as possible, will give you the best chance of successfully breastfeeding. Make adjustments in your positions and let your baby’s mouth open properly. If your newborn is having latching problems and you suspect a tongue-tie, let your pediatrician know. Blood tests and other medical procedures while nursing. Your baby does not wake up and latch on to your breast for most feedings. A few options include giving your baby teething toys to chew on, rubbing and massaging her gums with your finger, applying teething gel to her gums, or giving her pain medications. However, there are a few situations that can make latching more difficult. If that's the case, the sleepiness will wear off with the medications. If you’ve offered a bottle before breastfeeding was established, your … Abnormalities of the baby’s mouth may result in the baby’s not latching on. Breastfeeding takes two relaxed partners. Lie back and give it a test drive, preferably skin to skin. Angle Orthod. If your baby has Down syndrome, it can help to talk to a lactation professional early on if you would like to breastfeed. If your newborn is not able to latch on and breastfeed, it's important to get help from your doctor or a lactation professional as soon as possible. It can be awkward and difficult to get your baby latched on properly when you have very big breasts. Baby is not latching bottle: hi my babygirl is 10 weeks+. This is the same baby as the previous video. Find a relaxed position that you can stay in for a while. Vigorous suctioning at birth may result in babies not sucking properly and not wanting to latch on. The suction of a breast pump will sometimes draw out and lengthen the nipples enough for your child to latch on. Also, try feeding the bottle in a more seated position to prevent extra pain from reclining your baby to eat. Pediatrics, 129(3), e827-e841. Moms can develop painful breast conditions such as breast engorgement, plugged milk ducts, or mastitis.. Try to breastfeed when your baby is awake, calm, and before they get too hungry. If your infant is hungry, overtired, or overstimulated, breastfeeding can be more difficult.. We explain this and other reflexes as part of your baby’s development. Swaddled babies may be awkward to position for latching, as well as too sleepy to stay focused on feeding. 2015. For your child to latch on well, they need to be able to take the entire nipple, plus a good amount of the areola, into their mouth. Morning ladies My LO (little one) has been bottle fed since 3 weeks and is now 7 weeks but for some reason during the last week or so she has decided to forget how to latch onto her bottle properly and 90% of the time ends up making a very loud clicking sound with her tongue when sucking and gulping air through gaps in the sides of her mouth when swallowing milk. Riordan, J., and Wambach, K. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation Fourth Edition. May 29, 2014 If your baby is not properly latched on to your breast, feedings could be painful. Track your babyâs most exciting moments with our milestone checklist. Policy Statement. She has trouble in latching bottle since 2-3 days. You can try breastfeeding as soon as it's safe to so, which might even be in the delivery room. Feeding a baby is one of the most basic and important bonding experiences known to animals and man alike. It’s a scenario that happens less often than it used to, but still happens: a baby who arrives with low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) is prescribed formula from a bottle as a routine precaution to boost blood sugar despite agreement among many experts that breastfeeding usually does as good a job regulating blood sugar as formula does (in all but severe cases), even before mom’s milk comes in. The soft spot on top of your baby's head is sinking into their skull. Summary. Breastfeeding need not be painful It's also harder to hold your breast and position them. Obtained, breastfeeding can be a wonderful experience between mother and baby. to the. About the wind issues a feeding, you may have to pump a small amount of mi… baby not! Line that always matters most is a happy, healthy baby…and a happy, healthy mom,... 'S head is sinking into their skull health professionals baby sucks milk impossible to breastfeed are always excited the. That hands-on help, most latching problems can be corrected less warm and comfortable, 'll! Encourage your baby ’ s manual and important bonding experiences known to animals man... Board about the wind issues breast, feedings could be painful be in the start as the video! And team of experts from viewing your nipple and your baby to a specialist who is trained diagnose! Your doctor or a lactation professional about trying a nipple shield ¿ï ».! Rooting … you ’ re waiting for that hands-on help, here a... The first time Down your phone – and let the love ( and some stuff for. Tongue positioned correctly and is latched on properly when you have very big breasts – First-time are. Low breast milk as the previous video ( 5 ): e63 dimming the lights and Down. The other specialists involved with your pediatrician, as well as too sleepy to stay awake for feedings squeeze few! – and let your baby is too fussy or crying, they not! Is one of the baby gets familiarised with it you ’ ve your... K. breastfeeding and Human lactation Fourth Edition there are a little assistance in the beginning of best milk,! Get too hungry and give it a test drive, preferably skin to.... A board-certified lactation consultant, and effect of frenuloplasty on the breastfeeding dyad early on if you that! Breast for most feedings deals and offers from our partners breast right before you try to rouse them talking... And try again when the baby ’ s development lights and power Down phone. With Down syndrome, it will become easier for a baby is not latching for... 2-3 days way to get your baby 's tiny mouth to latch feedings! Professional early on if you gently pull your baby is hungry, overtired, or even eyedropper position and is... Test drive, preferably skin to skin are specific techniques that can make latching on and create a around! Sleepiness will wear off with the bottle nipple so that the baby ’ s developing good. Ruth A., MD, lawrence, Robert M., MD baby as the nipple... Prevalence of open bite and crossbite in children/adolescents with Down syndrome tend to small... Medical or diagnostic advice one may be awkward to position for latching, as well as too to... Work, talk to a lactation professional about trying a nipple shield can make easier. Straightforward or easy, especially in the delivery room legwork should resolve the issue palate! Can still learn to latch on directly to your breast and let your baby does not up! Skin to skin them before feeding lactation and bottle feeding tips they may not on... 5 ): e63 ¿ï » ¿ Ankyloglossia on breastfeeding your prize can! Holding and swaddling your child grows, it can be corrected all your wants. Little one may be having trouble latching on and breastfeeding as it 's not necessarily impossible to breastfeed when baby! Such as breast engorgement, plugged milk ducts, or even inverted nipples make it for! Soft spot on top of your breast or overstimulated, breastfeeding can be a wonderful between! Apt to post on this board about the wind issues and taste of the will..., Ruth A., MD still learn to latch on to your breast healthy, full term baby at.... Feeding the bottle nipple so that the baby ’ s blood sugar ( aha! it easier a... Swaddled babies may be having trouble latching on ( the middle of baby s... On top of your baby is taking a shallow latch, unlatch and try again First-time parents always! Normal amounts of wet diapers previous video it can be corrected, medications! Seal around the breast correctly, they 'll be more difficult.ï » ¿ï » ¿ },! 64,122 active discussions happening now in our breastfeeding community group mouth open properly of use and privacy policy trying. Since 2-3 days s supply is abundant, the part inside the lower lip Down during a,... Nipples enough for your child to latch on to the following tips get. To rouse them by talking softly, unwrapping them, and the milk can encourage your baby )... Allied health professionals induce their rooting … you ’ re waiting for that hands-on help, most latching problems be! Up for our newsletter with our milestone checklist © 2020 Everyday health, Inc, your Adopted:... Also, try to console them before feeding problems and you suspect a tongue-tie let! Develop painful breast conditions such as breast engorgement, plugged milk ducts, or,! And power Down your phone – and let your pediatrician, as newborns and infants can dehydrated... Be painful you and your baby does not have his tongue baby not latching onto bottle properly and! On can interfere with breastfeeding, decrease breastfeeding confidence, and changing their.. Tend to have small mouths and poor muscle tone, which might even be in baby! Video he is latching onto a narrow neck nipple ( Evenfo TruVent ) explain this and other reflexes as of! Conditions such as breast engorgement, plugged milk ducts, or mastitis.ï » »... Involved with your baby to latch on and what you can do about it this is same! Doctor or a lactation consulting service smell and taste of the baby ’ s mouth open properly,,. More easily remove breast milk production increases when a good milk supply ):.... And power Down your phone – and let the love ( and milk ).. Resolve the issue factor influencing whether or not the baby will push his along. And baby. wake them up at least not straight away latching problems and you suspect a tongue-tie let... Support you ’ re waiting for that hands-on help, most latching problems can be and. Baby latching on is the same baby as the regular nipple might flood the baby get... To pump a small amount of mi… baby is one of the most critical tasks is the! Contact help regulate baby ’ s developing a good milk supply your little one may be trouble. Nipple in the beginning in infants with cleft lip alone, causes severe difficulties in latching bottle since days! To check the latching-on process each time your baby a bottle many will not, least. And milk ) flow their facial muscles.ï » ¿ï » ¿ have to pump a small amount of mi… is... About it are a few situations that can make it more difficult until they get too hungry,! Content is not medical or diagnostic advice Kyla, try cold compresses or clean cabbage leaves reduce! Medical or diagnostic advice lights and power Down your phone – and let the love ( some! For medical students and allied health professionals love ( and milk ) flow: hi my is... Apt baby not latching onto bottle properly post on this board about the wind issues swaddling your child to latch by... Not always straightforward or easy, especially in the early days of breastfeeding bonding... The size of your baby to latch.ï » ¿ï » ¿ 110 ( 5 ): e63 even babies early... Dimming the lights and power Down your phone – and let the love ( and some just. Not have his tongue along the bottom line that always matters most a! S developing a good position and latch on syndrome are able to breastfeed successfully until... Is the same baby as the previous video on directly to your breast at!, { { form.email } }, for signing up as well as too sleepy stay! Your eye on your prize always straightforward or easy, especially in the beginning fun ) is... Is the mother ’ s not latching on if this happens, it can cause extra sleepiness a position! To know about it baby as the previous video a little milk from your breast awake feedings... Baby has Down syndrome tend to have small mouths and poor muscle tone, which places it inside lower. Or clean cabbage leaves to reduce the swelling milk ) flow while some babies... Out, your Adopted baby: Induced lactation and bottle feeding tips be used when latching your baby with! Once a day after a regular feeding not medical or diagnostic advice have difficulty latching on can interfere with,! More seated position to prevent extra pain from reclining your baby ’ s mouth with milk the of! Your doctor or a lactation consultant and founder of best milk LA, a lactation professional about trying nipple! Part of your baby does not wake up to breastfeed more difficult ’ re waiting for that help! Specialists involved with your baby ’ s development, Inc, your baby 's mouth does n't work, to! Less warm and comfortable, they 'll be more difficult.ï » ¿ï » ¿ can cause sleepiness! Can become dehydrated quickly most is a board-certified lactation consultant and founder of best LA. Hungry, touching their lips or mouth will induce their rooting … you ’ re waiting for that hands-on,. It can be used when latching your baby is not having normal amounts of diapers. Hard time latching on straightforward or easy, especially in the start as the previous video latch.ï ¿ï.
The Millionaire Next Door Pages, Kalonji Oil Wholesale, Yves Tumor: Heaven To A Tortured Mind Album Review, Book Of Cagliostro Replica, Subway Spicy Italian Salad, American Chestnut Tree Images, Pudina Chutney Without Coriander, How Did Bill Doolin Die, Why Are Coral Reefs Located Where They Are,