For example, seed germination responses show adaptive changes to different crop rotations (Brainard et al., 2007), and widespread herbicide resistance has been reported in several species (Fugate, 2009; Volenberg et al., 2007). It's origin is murky, though it may be native to eastern North American and/or Central America. (Available online at. Mohler, C. A. It has several common names, including carelessweed, dioecious amaranth, Palmer's amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer's pigweed. Prostrate pigweed forms a low, spreading mat, with smaller (about one inch) leaves that are distinctly notched at the tip (Fig. The species name, oleracea, means “edible” and signifies its use as a vegetable. Apparently, if pollination takes place before pigweeds are pulled or chopped, some potential exists for viable seed production. Timely flame weeding or cultivation with any of a variety of implements can knock out a flush of pigweed seedlings. Waterhemp is the more common of the two herbicide-resistant, problematic pigweeds in New York, found in twelve counties as of December 2019. Including Amaranthus retroflexus (red root pigweed), A. spinosus (spiny pigweed), A. palmeri (Palmer’s pigweed), and A. hybridus (rough pigweed), these uninvited agricultural and garden guests are so ubiquitous that they seldom invite closer scrutiny from farmers … Large Pigweed (Portulaca intraterranea) has longer petals that are twice as long as the sepals and is a native of the Pilbara in WA. It has also been introduced to Europe, Australia, and other areas. Redroot Pigweed is the most commonly known variety of pigweed. Webster, T. M. 2006. Pigweeds are reported to host pest nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) 7), likely as a result of rapid mineralization of legume N (Teasdale and Mohler, 2000). Synonyms (former Scientific Names): Amaranthus pubescens . Amaranthus L. – pigweed Species: Amaranthus retroflexus L. – redroot amaranth tumble pigweed. However, it usually does not control the weeds, and occasionally feeds on some vegetable seedlings. 2004. Mulching can be an effective control tactic for pigweeds in vegetable production. A single large plant can mature 100,000–600,000 seeds, and populations of 0.1–1 plants per square foot can shed 10,000–45,000 seeds per square foot, or 0.4–2 billion per acre (Massinga et al., 2001; Sellers et al., 2003). white pigweed This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in … Figure 12. When using inversion tillage to manage a heavy seed deposit, moldboard plow the field once, then avoid deep tillage for the next several years to allow buried seeds to lose viability. Vegetable, fruit and nut crops subsection. When pigweed grows as large as the seedling on the left, it becomes more difficult to kill, requiring more vigorous cultivation. Two pigweed species, tentatively identified as Palmer amaranth (left) and smooth pigweed (right), grow at the edge of a plastic mulched bed in organic vegetable production in Clemson, South Carolina. Order Loinc. Two or more pigweed species often occur together in the same field (Fig. Portulaca grandiflorais the large, red to white flowered ornamental Portulaca with cylindrical leaves. Most pigweeds are tall, erect-to-bushy plants with simple, oval- to diamond-shaped, alternate leaves, and dense inflorescences (flower clusters) comprised of many small, greenish flowers. Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus. Common names include: red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed. Portulaca oleracea (Common Purslane) is an annual succulent, branching frequently at the base and forming a spreading mat up to 6 inches…. Optimum densities of three leguminous cover crops for suppression of smooth pigweed (, Donald, W. W. 2000. Growth is related to cumulative Growing Degree Days, with a base temperature of 50 °F (Shrestha and Swanton, 2007; Horak and Loughin, 2000); thus, pigweeds grow much faster in hot climates than in northern regions with cooler summers. Pigweed. (b) Seeds of redroot pigweed, magnified, showing dark, shiny seed coat of mature seeds. 1991. Family - Amaranth (Pigweed) Family - Amaranthaceae. 2000. 1996. The seeds are also edible. Order Code Name. It is often used for slow-starting crops like carrot, beet, and parsnip. Weed Science 56: 743–747. At first glance, this would not appear to be a soft underbelly since single pigweed plants can produce 300,000 seeds or more. Z., A. Shrestha, M. Tollenar, W. Deen, H. Rahimian, and C. J. Swanton. The pigweed seedling on the right is at the vulnerable stage, at which it can be readily killed by shallow cultivation or flaming, or blocked by mulch. In this flush of summer annual weed seedlings, pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) With its fleshy stems and leaves, it resembles a miniature version of the common houseplant known as jade plant. Responses of contemporary and historical waterhemp (. Pigweed identification: a Pictoral guide to the common pigweeds of the Great Plains. Most pigweeds grow into large, erect-to-bushy plants, 2–7 feet in height, with simple, petiolate (stalked) leaves arranged alternately (singly) on stems (Fig. Egley, G. H., and R. D. Williams. tumbleweed. Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming. Because flaming usually does not kill grass weed seedlings, it is not recommended where grasses make up a significant portion of the weed flora. [10] The male produces the pollen and the female plant produces the seed. Hembree, UC Cooperative Extension Fresno County. More deeply buried seeds remain dormant and viable for several years, and germinate when brought to the surface by tillage or cultivation. After several years of intensive vegetable production, rotate the field to perennial sod (e.g., orchardgrass–red clover) for two or three years to disrupt pigweed life cycles and encourage weed seed predation. Amaranthus californicus. U.S. name: Prostrate Pigweed. 10). 6). Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming. Rapid N mineralization from the all-legume cover crop residues apparently stimulated pigweed germination and growth. Viral pathogens such as cucumber mosaic virus and tomato spotted wilt virus can also be transmitted from pigweeds (Mohler and DiTommaso, unpublished). Its life-cycle is adapted to desert conditions; it will germinate and grow to quickly produce abundant seed when water is available. Welcome to the public website of eOrganic, the Organic Agriculture Community of eXtension, Funding for eOrganic is provided by USDA NIFA and other grant programs including Western SARE, Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) and Tall Waterhemp (A. tuberculatus), http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-09-00049.1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049%5B0230:EAPOSO%5D2.0.CO;2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048%5B0347:GAOFAS%5D2.0.CO;2, http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/S80.pdf, http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049%5B0202:IOPAIC%5D2.0.CO;2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051%5B0523:WUALIU%5D2.0.CO;2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11611005, http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051%5B0329:CGOSAS%5D2.0.CO;2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048%5B0385:TQRBWE%5D2.0.CO;2, http://www.swss.ws/wp-content/uploads/docs/Southern%20Weed%20Survey%202006%20Vegetables%20and%20Fruits.pdf, Stiff, branched terminal spikes, individual branches usually <2 in long, thicker than pencil, Throughout North America including Alaska, Upper stem and leaves usually covered with fine hairs; leaf blades large (6 in) on vigorous plants, Soft, highly branched terminal spikes, individual branches thinner than pencil, Similar to redroot but highly variable, many local variants, may hybridize with closely related species, Long (to 18 in), simple or sparingly branched terminal spikes; male soft, female bristly, Southern half of U.S., Great Plains, Mexico, Extremely rapid, aggressive growth in hot climates, male and female flowers on separate plants; plants smooth and hairless, Stiff, branched terminal spikes, branches 4–8 in long, thicker than pencil, held close to main axis, First true leaves narrower and more tapered toward tip than redroot or smooth; plant may be smooth or hairy, Slender, branched terminal spikes mostly male flowers; axillary clusters mostly female. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service News - October 2009. 1994. Some researchers consider tall waterhemp and common waterhemp a single species: A. tuberculatus (Pratt and Clark, 2001). Pigweeds thrive in hot weather, tolerate drought, respond to high levels of available nutrients, and are adapted to avoid shading through rapid stem elongation. 1915 - First reported in Virginia b… Pigweeds are frost-tender summer annuals that emerge, grow, flower, and form mature seed within the frost-free period. [10] In only a few weeks, it can grow from 12 to 18 inches (300 to 460 mm) compared to cotton at 5 to 8 inches (130 to 200 mm). Figure 6. weed is Amaranthus retroflexus L. It is a member of the Pigweed Family. white pigweed. Stimulation of weed seed germination in soil. When using summer cover crops to combat pigweeds, seed at high rates (1.5–2 times normal), and use good seeding methods to obtain a weed-suppressive cover crop stand. Therefore, removing the weeds in early fall can still significantly reduce the pigweed seed rain. The plant is fast-growing (up to 1 inch a day) and highly competitive. tumble pigweed. Chase, W. M. Stall, and C. M. Hutchinson. Slender Pigweed (Portulaca filifolia) has cylindrical leaves and is a native of the Kimberly in WA. [4] Palmer amaranth has a tendency to absorb excess soil nitrogen, and if grown in overly fertilized soils, it can contain excessive levels of nitrates, even for humans. Amaranthus retroflexus. ) Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming. Also called amaranths, pigweeds are native to parts of North and Central America. Because the small seeds have minimal nutrient reserves, pigweed seedlings are initially more dependent on readily available nutrients from the soil, especially phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), than larger-seeded plants such as corn, beans, and cucurbits (Hoveland et al., 1976; Mohler, 1996). Other Names: Corispermum hyssopifolium [misapplied] California Amaranth. Figure 1. Common Name: Pigweed, Redroot amaranth, Wild Beet: Family: Amaranthaceae: USDA hardiness: 3-11: Known Hazards: No members of this genus are known to be poisonous, but when grown on nitrogen-rich soils they are known to concentrate nitrates in the leaves. Pigweed: Pictures, Flowers, Leaves & Identification | Amaranthus retroflexus. There are often additional dense clusters of flowers in the axils of upper leaves. 11). (Available online at: Tisler, A. M. 1990. The ability of pigweed plants uprooted or severed at flowering to complete seed maturation has not been researched. Cultivate when pigweeds are in the cotyledon stage, or before they reach one inch in height, working as close to the crop row as practical. 1980. Unpublished. Previously, Palmer amaranth in Kansas has developed resistance to ALS, atrazine, glyphosate and HPPD herbicides—mesotrione, Huskie, Laudis, Impact, and Armezon—leaving growers with very few postemergence options to manage this weed. CONFIRMATION STATUS: Pending confirmation. Projects; City of New London; Projects; City of New London A. Dusky, D. G. shilling, W. M. Stall, and T. A. Bewick. See Table 1 below for a quick guide to eight common North American pigweed species, with links to additional information about each. Type: Broadleaf. Newly shed pigweed seeds are mostly dormant, and become less so by the following spring. Pigweed is one of the common names given to a clutch of Amaranth species that crash parties where they are not wanted. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) is an introduced annual in amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). Family - Amaranth (Pigweed) Family - Amaranthaceae. Figure 2. Source material: Pollen. Weed seed decline in irrigated soil after six years of continuous corn (, Sellers, B. Figure 4. Figure 9. This prolific seed production makes pigweeds especially difficult to manage, since successful maturation of just one plant per 10,000 emerging seedlings can allow pigweed populations to increase severalfold from one year to the next. Amaranthus graecizans var. Pigweeds are erect summer annual plants that germinate from seeds during late winter through summer. 1), significant variation can occur within a species, and interspecific hybrids occasionally occur (Sellers et al., 2003). Watch the crop closely; if a significant amount of pigweed grows with it, terminate the crop promptly when weed flower heads first appear. Note: If plastic or other synthetic mulch is used to organic crops, it must be removed from the field at the end of the harvest or growing season. For more information, refer to eOrganic's articles on organic certification. The leaves, stems and seeds of Palmer amaranth, like those of other amaranths, are edible and highly nutritious. (Available online at: Brainard, D. C., A. DiTommaso, and C. A. Mohler. Germination is promoted by high temperatures (95 °F), diurnally fluctuating temperatures (e.g., 85–95 °F day, ~ 70 °F night), and sometimes light (Guo and Al-Khatib, 2003; Schonbeck and Egley, 1980 and 1981 Steckel et al., 2004). Portulaca grandiflorais the large, red to white flowered ornamental Portulaca with cylindrical leaves. commun.). The biology of Canadian weeds. A. Kendig, and M. R. Ellersieck. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) Redroot pigweed is characterized by it's red tap root (usually present at the seedling stage of development), from which the plant gets it's name. Pigweed: Pictures, Flowers, Leaves & Identification | Amaranthus retroflexus. (Amaranthaceae). However, foot traffic recompacted the soil enough to re-establish seed–soil contact near the surface, thereby allowing weed seeds to imbibe moisture, germinate, and grow in the footprints. [14], An Arkansas population has developed fomesafen resistance. 3b). However, in upstate New York, 2–4-inch fragments of Powell amaranth inflorescences lying on the soil surface were found to contain black seeds 3 weeks after the weeds were disked down at flowering (Charles Mohler, Cornell University, pers. Spiny amaranth (left) and smooth pigweed (right) in bloom. (Available online at: Santos, B. M., J. 2007. Figure 5. 1915 - First reported in Virginia … The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Rye residues contribute weed suppression in no-tillage cropping systems. Herb: Pigweed Latin name: Amaranthus retroflexus Family: Amaranthaceae (Amaranth Family, Pigweed Family) Medicinal use of Pigweed: A tea made from the leaves is astringent. Physical Characteristics Amaranthus retroflexus is a ANNUAL growing to 0.9 m (3ft). Projects; City of New London; Projects; City of New London Flowers open about 1–2 weeks after flower buds first become visible to the unaided eye. Corispermum americanum. Tests have shown that over 50% of waterhemp seeds remain viable after one year. [13], In 2019, Kansas State University researchers documented a population of Palmer amaranth with resistance to 2,4-D and Dicamba in Kansas. [1][3] Palmer amaranth was once widely cultivated and eaten by Native Americans across North America, both for its abundant seeds and as a cooked or dried green vegetable. Redroot Pigweed has a noticeably shorter, thicker and compacted inflorescence, that only extends a short distance above the first branches of the panicle. In organic production systems, pigweeds can be managed through a combination of: Virtually every farmer in North America knows and grapples with pigweed, a term that covers several species in the genus Amaranthus, including: These heat-loving summer annuals emerge after the spring frost date, grow rapidly, compete vigorously against warm-season crops, reproduce by seed, and die with the fall frost. This is an eOrganic article and was reviewed for compliance with National Organic Program regulations by members of the eOrganic community. Common name: Pigweed Latin name: Amaranthus sp. “They are relatively short-lived in the soil,” Bradley says. Weaver, S. E., and E. L. McWilliams. Most amaranths make nutritious green vegetables or grain crops, and deliberate planting for food has helped some weedy species spread around the world. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Walnut UC ANR Publication 3471. (Available online at: Massinga, R. A., R. S. Currie, and T. P. Trooien. For comprehensive information (e.g. Pigweed is the common name for a number of plants contained in the genus Amaranthus. Alternatively, a synthetic mulch such as black plastic can be laid before crop planting, and alley weeds controlled by cultivation, mowing, organic mulch, or cover crop. Temperature effects on germination of nine, Steckel, L. E., C. L. Sprague, E. W. Stoller, L. M. Wax, and F. W. Simmons. Weed Science 38: 504–510. 2000. In Florida, cowpea, sunnhemp, or velvetbean cover crops seeded at high rates reduced but did not eliminate smooth pigweed growth (Collins et al., 2008). American Bugseed. In pastures, spiny pigweed is a competitive weed and has The amaranth flea beetle feeds on pigweed foliage, and has been observed to cause substantial defoliation and reduce weed vigor in some parts of Virginia. The amaranth flea beetle (Disonycha glabrata) occurs throughout much of the United States (Tisler, 1990), feeds on pigweed foliage (Fig. Individual pigweed flowers are small, inconspicuous, and usually greenish in color. The delicate seedlings are readily killed by severing, uprooting, burial, or heat. American Bugseed. Combine cowpea, forage soybean, or other summer legume with a tall grass like pearl millet or sorghum–sudangrass to develop a canopy that is both tall and dense. Common Kochia. Weed survey – southern states. Palmer amaranth was accidentally introduced to the southeastern US. Each plant bears thousands of flowers in small clusters in leaf axils, or larger, often branched, densely-packed spikes at the tips of main stems and major branches (Fig. Journal of Chemical Ecology 9: 1001–1010. 602484. Buhler, D. D. and R. G. Hartzler. After four or five years, though, only about 10% of the initial population will be capable of emergence. Acknowledgement for Contributions to Weeds Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society 59: 260–277. Latin / Alternative Redroot Pigweed names: - Amaranthus retroflexus L., - Amarante à racine rouge - Common Pigweed - Green amaranth - Redroot - Rough Pigweed - Tall Pigweed - Amarante réfléchie - Armarante pied rouge [16] Palmer amaranth in particular is highly competitive. There are often additional dense clusters of flowers in the axils of upper leaves. please check out our Pigweed PDF magazine. Although stringent weed control for six years can reduce the pigweed seed bank by 99%, relaxing weed control allows seed numbers to recover to near original levels within three years (Schweizer and Zimdahl, 1984). pubescens . [7][8][9] Glyphosate-resistant pigweed not only dominates in cotton fields, but also has wide-ranging effects on other crops and productions. Most pigweeds are highly palatable to livestock. The final flush can also be killed by flame if grass weeds are few or absent. It has several common names, including carelessweed,[1] dioecious amaranth,[2] Palmer's amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer's pigweed. Pigweed is the common name for several closely related summer annuals that have become major weeds of vegetable and row crops throughout the United States and much of the world. Leaves are 0.8 to 3.9 inches long. Pigweeds have the C4 photosynthetic pathway, which confers an ability to grow rapidly at high temperatures and high light levels, to tolerate drought, and to compete aggressively with warm-season vegetables for light, moisture, and nutrients. (Available online at: Steckel, L. E., C. L. Sprague, E. W. Stoller, and L. M. Wax. In 2020, Dr. Lynn Sosnoskie of Cornell University will be launching herbicide resistance screening for agricultural weeds including waterhemp and Palmer amaranth in 2020; find the details in her What’s Cropping up article from March 2020. Palmer amaranth is an annual plant native to the arid southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Leaf blades are generally oval-to-diamond shaped, and 2–6 inches long. Pigweeds typically begin to flower and shed pollen (anthesis) about six weeks after emergence (WAE), although flowers can occur as early as 3 WAE or as late as 9 WAE (Huang et al., 2000; Keeley, et al., 1987; Shrestha and Swanton, 2007). Species. Redroot Pigweed is found in all manner of disturbed soils such as roadsides, railroads, cultivated fields, weedy shores, vacant lots, old homesteads and backyard gardens. In this field trial, a flush of pigweed competes against broccoli planted no-till into killed hairy vetch (foreground), while broccoli planted in killed rye or rye–vetch are relatively free of pigweed (background). Newly emerging pigweed seedlings open a pair of long, narrow cotyledons, about 0.5 inch long by 0.1 inch wide, followed by the first true leaves, which are broader in outline (Fig. That’s low compared to many weeds. The small seeds have minimal nutrient reserves; thus seedlings can emerge only from seeds located within an inch of the soil surface, and are immediately dependent on the soil for readily available nutrients. Just before crop planting or crop emergence, use shallow cultivation and leave the surface loose to discourage additional weed germination. Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming. Redroot Pigweed is found in all manner of disturbed soils such as roadsides, railroads, cultivated fields, weedy shores, vacant lots, old homesteads and backyard gardens. Interference of redroot pigweed (. 1983. (b) Ken Chamberlain, Ohio State University, Bugwood.org. Egley, G. H. 1986. Common Kochia. Natutal medicine can heal your body and mind. Large Pigweed (Portulaca intraterranea) has longer petals that are twice as long as the sepals and is a native of the Pilbara in WA. 2003. Its life-cycle is adapted to desert conditions; it will germinate and grow to quickly produce abundant seed when water is available. Inflorescences consist of densely packed flowers in terminal or axillary spikes or panicles. R.B. As the common name suggests, spiny pigweed (Amaranthus spinosus) is armed with two spines at the base of the leaves at each node. Fertilization enhances both weed biomass and seed production. Weed Science 49: 230–235. Shrestha, A., and C. J. Swanton. It has an erect stem, 1 to 6.6 feet tall, that is commonly freely branched. It will outgrow cotton and is much more efficient. white pigweed. Intraspecific variation in seed characteristics of Powell amaranth (. Changes in sensitivity of, Schweizer, E. E., and R. L. Zimdahl. Use in-row drip irrigation to provide water and liquid organic fertilizer directly to the crop without feeding and watering between-row weeds. tumbleweed. Two timely mowings prior to canopy closure have given adequate between-row control of giant foxtail, pigweeds, and ragweed in soybean planted in a 30-inch row spacing (Donald, 2000). Reported time intervals from pollination to formation of viable seeds range from 7–12 days in waterhemp (Bell and Tranel , 2010) to 6 weeks in field populations of redroot pigweed in Ontario (Shrestha and Swanton, 2007). Portulaca oleracea (Common Purslane) is an annual succulent, branching frequently at the base and forming a spreading mat up to 6 inches…. An organic mulch, such as 3–4 inches of straw or hay (~5–10 tons/ac), applied within a day after cultivating an established crop, can reduce subsequent pigweed emergence by 90%. Avoid recompacting the soil, as compaction can promote another flush of emergence (Fig. Click on an acronym to view each weed list, or click here for a … Till or cultivate, then roll or cultipack the soil to improve seed–soil contact, thereby promoting weed germination. A stale seedbed or cultivated fallow is needed to bring this situation under control. Palmer amaranth was accidentally introduced to the southeastern US. Pigweedis the common name for several closely related summer annuals that have become major weeds of vegetable and row crops throughout the United States and much of the world. Effect of corn-induced shading on dry matter accumulation, distribution, and architecture of redroot pigweed (. Pigweed emerges most readily from the top 0.5–1.0 inch of the soil profile, with few emerging from seeds located deeper than one inch (Mohler and Di Tommaso, unpublished). Pigweeds are shade intolerant, and the growth and reproduction of individuals that emerge under a heavy crop canopy are substantially reduced. 44. This website uses a cookie to track whether you choose to see the weeds in order by scientific name or common name. Seed longevity of 41 weed species buried 17 years in eastern and western Nebraska. For suppression of smooth pigweed (, Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming Chamberlain, State... Leafy green vegetable that many of the phenological development of select annual weeds under noncropped field conditions of date!, round, usually shiny, dark reddish-brown-to-black seeds, roughly 0.04 inch diameter. Field ( Fig S., and A. DiTommaso values, recipes, history, harvesting tips,.. A 120-day interval between manure deposits by grazing animals and the growth reproduction! Should be grazed while still vegetative the most common one the female plant produces the pollen from resistant plants! 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For food has helped some weedy species spread around the world & Identification | Amaranthus retroflexus, true to of! Street New London, CT 06320 860-447-5250 are about four feet tall, that is commonly freely.! Chamberlain, Ohio State University, Bugwood.org common of the southern half of North America sufficiently established, set,. Vegetables or grain crops, and rough pigweed Palmer amaranth in particular is highly competitive waterhemp seeds remain after. Hasey, UC IPM and UC Cooperative Extension Service News - October 2009 number of habitats M.,! As common pigweed control light-to-moderate pigweed populations readily adapt to production systems and control tactics,... Frost tender, respond to high l… Description cultipack the soil, ” Bradley says for food has some! Vegetables ( Webster, 2006 ) and highly competitive will likely yield diminishing over... In vegetable production viable seeds 2–6 weeks after squash planting and did not affect.. Or misleading associations need of some attention spread by wind 1915 - first reported in Virginia … Amaranthus is. Introduced annual in amaranth Family ( Amaranthaceae ) a carpet of spiny amaranth ( )!, usually shiny, dark reddish-brown-to-black seeds, roughly 0.04 inch in diameter ( Fig species dependent as. Not compound leaves menstruation, intestinal bleeding, diarrhoea etc. the cultural control of annual weeds though, about!
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